Abstract Lu, M.; L. A. Frost; N. O’Leary & R. G. Olmstead. 2019. Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Neospartoneae (Verbenaceae) based on molecular data. Darwiniana, nueva serie 7(2): 305-324. Neospartoneae are a small tribe in Verbenaceae, native to temperate South America and comprising seven species in three genera: Diostea, Lampayo, and Neosparton. Diostea and Neosparton share an ephedroid habit and the presence of a staminode. Diostea and Lampayo share a schizocarpous fruit and bilobed stigma. Previous chloroplast DNA phylogenetic studies first identified Neospartoneae as a clade. However, evolutionary relationships within Neospartoneae remain unclear. In this study, nine loci from both chloroplast and nuclear genomes were used to reconstruct phylogeny with almost complete taxon sampling. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were conducted using single-locus and concatenated datasets to generate gene trees. A species tree was reconstructed by Bayesian multispecies coalescent analyses. The generic relationships are well resolved and confirm the monophyly of the Neospartoneae and each genus. The topologies show that Neosparton is sister to a clade comprised of Diostea and Lampayo. This study presents a first species-level phylogeny of Neospartoneae and provides insight into morphological character evolution of this tribe. The presence of a staminode shared by Diostea and Neosparton, and dry schizocarpous fruits shared by Diostea and Lampayo, are inferred to be plesiomorphic traits in Neospartoneae and not indicative of close relationship. The ephedroid habit and curved corolla tubes shared by Diostea and Neosparton may have evolved in the common ancestor of Neospartoneae and subsequently reversed in the ancestor of Lampayo, or have evolved in parallel in the two genera.

Resumen Lu, M.; L. A. Frost; N. O’Leary & R. G. Olmstead. 2019. Relaciones filogenéticas en la tribu Neospartoneae (Verbenaceae) basadas en datos moleculares. Darwiniana, nueva serie 7(2): 305-324. Neospartoneae es una pequeña tribu de Verbenaceae, nativa de Sudámerica templada, conformada por siete especies y tres géneros: Diostea, Lampayo y Neosparton. Diostea y Neosparton comparten el hábito efedroide y la presencia de un estaminodio. Diostea y Lampayo comparten el fruto esquizocárpico y el estigma bilobado. El clado Neospartoneae fue identificado por primera vez sobre la base de estudios filogéneticos a partir de ADN de cloroplasto. Sin embargo, las relaciones evolutivas dentro del clado permanecieron irresolutas. En el presente estudio se utilizan nueve loci, de cloroplasto y nucleares, para reconstruir la filogenia a partir de un muestreo de taxones casi completo. Para generar los árboles filogenéticos se llevaron a cabo análisis de máxima verosimilitud y bayesianos, empleando loci separados y concatenados. Se reconstruyó un árbol de especies empleando análisis bayesiano de coalescencia. Las relaciones genéricas estuvieron bien resueltas y se confirmó la monofilia de Neospartoneae y de cada género. Las topologías muestran que Neosparton es hermano de un clado comprendido por Diostea y Lampayo. Este estudio representa la primera filogenia a nivel especie en Neospartoneae y provee información sobre la evolución de caracteres morfológicos en la tribu. El estaminodio presente en Diostea y Neosparton, y el fruto esquizocárpico seco compartido por Diostea y Lampayo, se infieren como caracteres plesiomórficos en Neospartoneae y no indican relación cercana. El hábito efedroide y los tubos corolinos curvos, compartidos por Diostea y Neosparton, pueden haber evolucionado en el ancestro común de Neospartoneae y luego revertido en el ancestro de Lampayo, o haber evolucionado en paralelo en ambos géneros.

Abstract This paper deals with a deep circular tunnel excavated in infinite homogeneous and isotropic elasto-viscoplastic rock mass subjected to a hydrostatic initial stresses. The tunnel is divided into the initial plastic, viscoplastic, and elastic zones. By combining the generalized Bingham model with Mohr-Coulomb yield criteria, analytical solutions of the circular tunnel are derived with the consideration of non-associated flow rule and elasto-viscoplasticity. The initial plastic zone is defined as the instantaneous change of rock mass excavation. Based on the initial plastic zone, the stresses in viscoplastic zone are transferred to the deep surrounding rock with time due to the initial earth stresses. The results are compared with the elastic-brittle solution at static conditions, and the solutions of this paper are validated. Moreover, the presented results shows that the stress and displacement of the surrounding rock varies with time, and the solutions can be obtained at different instants of time.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the range of motion and stability of the human cadaveric cervical spine after the implantation of a novel artificial disc and vertebra system by comparing an intact group and a fusion group. METHODS: Biomechanical tests were conducted on 18 human cadaveric cervical specimens. The range of motion and the stability index range of motion were measured to study the function and stability of the artificial disc and vertebra system of the intact group compared with the fusion group. RESULTS: In all cases, the artificial disc and vertebra system maintained intervertebral motion and reestablished vertebral height at the operative level. After its implantation, there was no significant difference in the range of motion (ROM) of C3-7 in all directions in the non-fusion group compared with the intact group (p>0.05), but significant differences were detected in flexion, extension and axial rotation compared with the fusion group (p<0.05). The ROM of adjacent segments (C3-4, C6-7) of the non-fusion group decreased significantly in some directions compared with the fusion group (p<0.05). Significant differences in the C4-6 ROM in some directions were detected between the non-fusion group and the intact group. In the fusion group, the C4-6 ROM in all directions decreased significantly compared with the intact and non-fusion groups (p<0.01). The stability index ROM (SI-ROM) of some directions was negative in the non-fusion group, and a significant difference in SI-ROM was only found in the C4-6 segment of the non-fusion group compared with the fusion group. CONCLUSION: An artificial disc and vertebra system could restore vertebral height and preserve the dynamic function of the surgical area and could theoretically reduce the risk of adjacent segment degeneration compared with the anterior fusion procedure. However, our results should be considered with caution because of the low power of the study. The use of a larger sample should be considered in future studies.